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The most ancient of them are two (or more) storied towers used for living or military purposes.
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Perhaps because the golden age of Russian literature, which romanticized the Caucasian war, coincided with the conquest of the Chechen, or perhaps because the Chechen were the most numerous lowlands group, or perhaps because of their fierce and prolonged resistance, the Chechen came to epitomize imperial Russian disdain for "Asiatics" and have been vilified and demonized in Russian literature, popular media, and political discourse to the present day.
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The Russian military depopulated most of the Ingush highlands, deporting the population to the lowlands so as to create a no-man's-land between the Russian fort of Vladikavkaz and the Chechens, who in alliance with Daghestanian mountain peoples were offering organized resistance to conquest. Lowland Chechen were slaughtered, deported, or expelled and replaced with (ethnically Russian) Cossacks.
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In the 17th century, the present Ingush lowlands were entirely Ingush-speaking and the highlands were impoverished. This period of economic hardship coincided with the Russian conquest of the Caucasus which lasted from the late 1500's to the mid-1800's.
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Destruction of lowlands economic centers by Mongol incursions probably created a power vacuum which left the languages of the countryside and uplands - Ingush and Chechen - in a stronger sociolinguistic position.
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Since antiquity the Caucasus has been famed for the sheer number of languages and for the exotic grammatical structures.
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Traditionally, an Ingush or Chechen man is expected to know the names and birthplaces or origins of his paternal ancestors through seven generations.
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Even urban residents generally know and pass on to their children a good deal of information about their clan's and family's provenience. That is why lots of temples and barrows (necropolises) were constructed.
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An individual respects all members of a clan. For instance, a man shows to all female members of his mother's clan the same deference and formality that he would show to his mother's older sister.
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In terms of civil organization, clans continue to exist. They are still strictly exogamous, and they determine social relationship and social behavior.
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There are about 1500 monuments of history and culture, among which 100 are tower-like settlements.
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Ingushetia boasts natural attractions and ancient monuments, fabulous landscapes and mineral springs.
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There are oil and natural gas fields, supplies of limestones, clay, mineral waters in the region. Forests are also national wealth of Ingushetia.
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A 150 km stretch of the Caucasus Mountains runs through the territory of the republic. The major rivers are: Terek River, Assa River, Sunzha River.
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The highest point is Gora Shan (4451 m).
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Ingushetia has borders with Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic and Georgia.
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Ingushetia Republic (also spelled Ingushetiya) is situated in the northern part of Big Caucasus range, part of North Caucasian Federal District. Its administrative center and capital is Magas city.
